Amines:

• Derived from ammonia → one hydrogen group replaced with a hydrocarbon
• Has higher melting point than alkenes because of the ability of hydrogen bonds being able to be formed between other adjacent amine molecules.
• When naming amines have the suffix ending of –amine.

Haloalkanes:

• Replacing a hydrogen with a halogen (Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine)
• When naming haloalkanes have the prefix of the halogen E.g. if chlorine is being used to replace a hydrogen on methane then it will be named: chloromethane (see picture)

Alkanols:

• Has a hydroxyl functional group (-OH) i.e. one of the hydrogens is replaced with OH
• Are polar
• Can form hydrogen bonds, and so will be soluble in water
• Can be classified as primary, secondary or tertiary alkanol depending on the location of the OH group.
• When named alkanols have the suffix ending of –ol.
• Picture below shows ethanol

Carboxylic (alkanoic) acids:

• Are weak acids ∴will react with bases
• Have the –COOH group in place of a hydrogen atom
• When naming, the ‘C’ in COOH is carbon number 1 (ALWAYS)
• When named carboxylic acids have the suffix ending of – oic acid.
• Picture below shows ethanoic acid

Esters:

• Arises from a reaction between a carboxylic acid and alcohol è ester linkage (COO)
• These are compounds responsible for the sweet flavours and aromas in lollies for example
• Know how an ester is formed!
• Esters have the two-part name: the alcohol component has the suffix ‘yl’ instead of ‘anol’ and the carboxylic acid component has the suffix ‘ate’ instead of ‘oic acid’
• The ester shown below is methyl propanoate.